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18

Oct

A brief history of the piano.

Posted by John Kasiewicz  Published in Biographical, Classical Music, News, Quotes, Writings

I recently spent an afternoon digging through the Nicholas Slonimsky Collection at the Library of Congress in Washington, DC to see if I could find evidence of correspondence between Ernie Stires and his beloved mentor.  I was pleased to locate a folder which contained several items.  Included with one of Ernie’s letters to Slonimsky was a Middlebury College Music Department program from 1988 presenting Stephanie Rogers, pianist, in recital performing the world premiere of Ernie’s Sonata in C.  A more intriguing discovery, however, was found written on the backside of the program:

ABOUT PIANOS…

Although tonight’s artist, Stephanie Rogers, will perform her entire program on a beautiful Mason and Hamlin grand piano, recent gift of recording engineer Sydney Stokes, the three sonatas we are to hear were conceived by their composers for three very different instruments.

Invented in Italy almost three hundred years ago by Bartolomeo Cristofori, the pianoforte was considered at first something of a musical toy. However, Harpsichord unlike its predecessor, the pluck-string harpsichord, a novel and ingenious system of striking hammers, dampers, and controls allowed this new instrument to be played soft (piano) or loud (forte) with infinite gradations in between, and spelled the doom of the two hundred year reign of the former as the premiere keyboard instrument for home and recital hall. It was to be almost seventy years before this new novelty came into general use in Europe but many composers, including J.S. Bach, were intrigued with it, and demand spawned a plethora of piano makers everywhere.

There were problems! Early pianos were built on harpsichord lines whose wooden frames simply could not support the much greater tension of more and larger strings of the new device which frequently warped and even collapsed under the strain, even in performance. Think of the additional strain on the nerves of those poor early pianists!

All manner of wooden and metal braces and reinforcements were tried, and by the time Haydn began writing tonight’s sonata (1789), a rectangular (so-called “square piano”) was in Square Pianogeneral use, a more-or-less stable instrument of six octaves and sustaining a total tension of several thousand pounds. The design persisted into the period of the Schubert Sonata in A (1828) but improvements were constant, and stronger cases allowed ever more tension with its attendant increased brilliance and resonance.

It is said that the enormous fire and energy of the piano music of Beethoven produced such a strain on pianos of this period that piano makers fell into something of a commercial panic trying to build ever stronger instruments. Cast iron frames were introduced, pedals went to the floor instead of the usual knee levers of earlier instruments, the general harpsichord-like shape returned for larger pianos, and by the time of the early romantic composers like Chopin and Schuman, tension of several tons was possible.

But it was not until the American piano builders, Steinway & Sons of Long Island City introduced their “patent grand” in 1859 that the modern grand piano was born. With Grand Pianoseven and a third octaves (the legendary “88″) and supporting a total tension of some thirty tons (!) the Steinway grand became the standard of the world, changing forever the way the piano is written for and played. With minute modifications, this magnificent instrument remains to this day the model for all grand pianos, including the Mason and Hamlin we are hearing this evening. So intricate, varied and complex are its tonal and percussive elements that a piano is by far the most difficult instrument to record, and even the most sophisticated modern “state of the art” electronic synthesizing devices can only crudely approximate its true sound which approaches the orchestral in range of expression.

The Stires piece, Sonata in C (1988), a heavily jazz-oriented work, written on an 1897 Steinway grand, makes extensive use of the capabilities of the modern piano. The piece employs virtually every one of the instrument’s 88 keys from the lowest (A”) to the highest (c”"), and in the final movement depends heavily on the center or sostenuto pedal which permits the “holding” of a note or series of notes while the remaining are played in normal fashion.

Tonight’s program is being recorded by Sydney Stokes for broadcast early next year over the stations of Vermont Public Radio.

—Ernie Stires

Tags: Ernie Stires, Library of Congress, Middlebury College, Nicholas Slonimsky, Stephanie Rogers

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10

Jun

Recommended lecture: The Symphony

Posted by John Kasiewicz  Published in Biographical, Classical Music, Composing, News

the-symphony-orchestraI have to quickly remark on a 24-part lecture series I’ve been thoroughly enjoying entitled, “The Symphony” by Robert Greenberg, Ph.D. and distributed by The Teaching Company.

With an energetic and entertaining delivery (think Mel Brooks), Dr. Greenberg brings us the 300-year-old story of the symphony, from its earliest development, breaking free from its Italian opera overture heritage, to its most modern configurations throughout the world in the 20th century (including American composers Charles Ives, Aaron Copland, Roy Harris, and Ernie’s cousin Samuel Barber).

It’s well worth a listen, and covers many of the great symphonies included on Ernie’s essential classical music listening list (see list here). Appropriate for the aspiring composer and the layman alike, its a supermarket display of some of the greatest symphonies ever written. Like Aaron Copland’s book What To Listen For in Music, these lectures will leave you with a clearer understanding of the general structure of the symphony as well as the specific musical forms found within individual movements resulting in a greater appreciation for the music. In addition, “The Symphony” is chock-full of facts and juicy gossip about the lives and personalities of the greatest symphonic composers, bringing to life the story of one of the longest-living genre of instrumental music.

You can find a used (and cheap) copy here.

Tags: Barber's Symphony No. 1, Dr. Robert Greenberg, Ives' Symphony No. 4, Mel Brooks, Orchestra, Recommended Listening, The Symphony, The Teaching Company, TTC

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2

Jun

Essential Summer Listening – Classical

Posted by John Kasiewicz  Published in Classical Music

sun2Ernie often prodded me to listen to more music, especially classics written by the great composers. I once asked him for suggestions and he effortlessly rattled off a list. In my futile attempt to keep up with him, I managed to jot down enough to keep me busy for a while. Ernie was a proponent of active listening, as opposed to playing these pieces as background music or using them as sleep aids. He proved the value of a keen ear with his ability to sing the themes of all of the following compositions. I even have shorthand notes next to a few of them which describe special harmonic and rhythmic traits he thought I should pay especially close attention to. Anyway, here’s the list:

Bach, Johann Sebastian – The Brandenburg concerti

Bartok, Bela – Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta

Beethoven, Ludwig van – Symphonies 5 & 7
Beethoven, Ludwig van – Violin Concerto

Brahms, Johannes – Symphonies 1 & 4
Brahms, Johannes – Violin Concerto
Brahms, Johannes – Variations on a Theme by Haydn
Brahms, Johannes – Piano Concerto No. 1

Britten, Benjamin – A Ceremony Of Carols

Copland, Aaron – Lincoln Portrait

Debussy, Claude – Images

Dvorak, Antonin – Piano Quintet

Gershwin, George – Concerto In F / An American In Paris

Grieg, Edvard – Piano Concerto

Handel, George Frederick – Water Music / Music for the Royal Fireworks

Harris, Roy – Symphony No. 3

Haydn, Franz Joseph – The “London” Symphonies (Nos. 91-104)

Ives, Charles – Piano Sonata No. 2
Ives, Charles – Symphony No. 2

Mahler, Gustav – Symphony No. 1 / Songs of a Wayfarer

Mendelssohn, Felix – Octets

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus – Symphony No. 40
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus – Piano Concerto No. 21
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus – Clarinet Concerto

Rachmaninov, Sergey – 3rd Symphony

Respighi, Ottorino – The Pines of Rome / The Fountains of Rome / Roman Festivals

Schumann, Robert – Piano Quintet
Schumann, Robert – Piano Concerto

Stojowski, Zygmunt – First Concerto for Piano & Orchestra

Stravinksy, Igor – The Rite Of Spring / Firebird
Stravinsky, Igor – Petrushka

Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich – 6th Symphony
Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich – Piano Concerto No. 1
Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich – Violin Concerto

Villa-Lobos, Heitor – Guitar Concerto

Walton, William – Viola Concerto

Tags: Classical Composers, Essential Classical Recordings, Great Works, Summer List

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